Complexity Evolution Across Dissimilar System Components
مقاله: پیچیدگی تکامل در سراسر غیر همجنس سیستم قطعات
نويسندگان: [ Amy Cox ] - George Washington University, 800 22nd Street NW, Room 6390 Washington DC 20052, USA
[ Zoe Szajnfarber ] - George Washington University, 800 22nd Street NW, Room 6390 Washington DC 20052, USA
خلاصه مقاله:
This work is motivated by a prior case study of user driven changes to combat aircraft that was researched by the authors. The study found that the initial changes were of seemingly low complexity, yet, follow-on integration required significantly more schedule (years versus months) and cost to implement. Focusing solely on the hardware and its functions revealed a disproportionate increase in complexity for minimal functional gain. However, expanding the system to consider the user revealed a trade-off between user workload and system complexity. The initial system functional gain was achieved by a combination of low complexity hardware modifications and an increase in the aircrew from 6 to 11; the subsequent generation involved extensive hardware integration and reduced aircrew requirements to 7. The existing design literature is quite extensive on the measurement of system complexity, particularly to better control design schedule and cost, with a tight focus on single types of system components (e.g. hardware or software). The literature does not provide a good means to capture this observed exchange that occurred between dissimilar components. In this paper, we present a method for considering the interactions amongst dissimilar system components and the changes in complexity as the system evolves. This method leverages existing Multi-Domain-Matrices (MDM) techniques, but unlike previous work, treats humans-in-the-loop as components that accomplish system functions. To illustrate the utility of this method, it is applied to a toy example, the making of egg foam with culinary hardware of varying complexity. In holding the overall function constant, the analysis method clearly demonstrates an exchange between human and hardware functions as the hardware grew in complexity. Future application of this method will consider more complex systems, specifically the case that drove this line of thought. It is anticipated that application of this method to the case in question will clarify the mechanisms that drove system complexity increases in the second generation aircraft technology. It is also anticipated that this method will aid in the consideration of the trades that occur between dissimilar system components, thus enabling better management of overall system complexity.
كلمات كليدي:complexity growth, human-in-the-loop systems, multi-domain matrices
رشد پیچیدگی, انسان در حلقه سیستم, ماتریس چند دامنه
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